Classroom lesson · Music · 🇨🇲 Cameroon

Makossa

Cameroon's most famous musical style — and Manu Dibango!

Photo · Wikimedia Commons

What is it?

Makossa is a style of music that was born in the coastal city of Douala, Cameroon, in the 1950s and became one of the most popular dance music styles in all of Africa. Its most famous ambassador was the saxophonist and musician Manu Dibango, whose 1972 song 'Soul Makossa' became one of the first African songs to reach the top of international music charts.

Tell me more

Makossa grew out of a mixture of traditional Cameroonian rhythms, Congolese soukous, and influences from American jazz and funk. The word 'makossa' roughly means 'I dance' in the Douala language. The music is energetic, rhythmic and joyful — built around bass guitar, brass instruments (especially the saxophone), and fast, catchy rhythms that make it almost impossible to stand still.

Manu Dibango — whose full name was Emmanuel N'Djoké Dibango — was born in Douala in 1933 and became one of the most celebrated musicians in African history. His saxophone playing blended jazz, funk and African traditional rhythms in a way no one had heard before. 'Soul Makossa' was so successful that it was sampled (used as a musical building block) by Michael Jackson in 'Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'' in 1983, and again by Rihanna in 'Don't Stop the Music' in 2007. Dibango received royalties from both.

Makossa became enormously popular not just in Cameroon but across West Africa, the Caribbean, and Europe. It helped put Cameroon on the world music map. Nightclubs in Paris, which has a large Cameroonian community, played makossa records throughout the 1970s and 1980s, helping spread the sound internationally.

Today makossa continues to evolve. Younger Cameroonian artists blend it with Afrobeats, hip-hop and electronic music, keeping the sound fresh for new generations. The basic makossa groove — that irresistible combination of bouncy bass and saxophone melody — remains instantly recognisable and is considered part of Cameroon's national cultural identity.

In the classroom

Walk your class through this in 15 minutes.

Talk together

Discussion prompts

  1. 01A musical style can make an entire country famous around the world. Can you think of a music style linked to a specific country that you know?
  2. 02Manu Dibango's music was 'sampled' by Michael Jackson. What does it mean to sample someone else's music? Is it a compliment or something more complicated?
  3. 03Makossa blends African, American and Caribbean music styles. What does this tell you about how music travels between cultures?
  4. 04If you could invent a new dance style and give it a name, what would it be called and what would it sound like?
Try this

Classroom activity

Musical fusion experiment! Listen to 30 seconds of three very different styles of music (for example: traditional drumming, jazz saxophone, and funk bass). Then try to describe a new 'made-up' music style that blends all three. Give it a name, describe the instruments and rhythm, and draw what you imagine the album cover would look like.