Classroom lesson · Festival · 🇧🇬 Bulgaria

Kukeri Masks Parade

Bulgaria's spectacular costumed parade to chase away winter

Photo · Wikimedia Commons

What is it?

Kukeri is one of the most spectacular folk traditions in all of Bulgaria. Participants dress in enormous, shaggy fur costumes and wear large hand-carved wooden masks decorated with feathers, fur and painted patterns. Around their waists they hang heavy bells that jingle and clang as they dance through the streets. The tradition takes place in late winter and early spring, and the noise and movement are meant to scare away evil spirits and bring a good harvest.

Tell me more

The costumes are extraordinary works of craftsmanship. Each mask is carved by hand from wood and can take weeks or months to make. The masks have wild expressions — big eyes, long noses, horns, feathers and painted colours. No two are exactly alike, and skilled mask-makers are celebrated in their communities as true artists.

The bells worn around the kukeri's waist are also specially made. They are large and heavy — some performers carry dozens of kilograms of bells — and the crashing, jangling sound they make as the kukeri stomp, jump and spin fills the whole street. The noise alone is enough to make younger children both excited and a little wide-eyed.

Kukeri parades happen in villages and towns across Bulgaria, mostly in January and February. The performers dance through the streets in procession, sometimes stopping to perform a short ritual for households that want good luck for the coming year. In the town of Pernik, a huge international masquerade festival called Surva brings kukeri groups from across Bulgaria and from many other countries.

The kukeri tradition is very old — it may go back thousands of years to ancient rituals connected with agriculture and the changing seasons. Today it is celebrated as a proud part of Bulgarian folk heritage. Children often watch the parade from their parents' arms, dazzled by the enormous costumes and the thundering bells.

In the classroom

Walk your class through this in 15 minutes.

Talk together

Discussion prompts

  1. 01The kukeri use noise, movement and amazing costumes. Why do you think people might have believed that loud noise and impressive costumes could chase away bad spirits?
  2. 02Kukeri masks take months to carve. What does that tell you about how much people value this tradition?
  3. 03The tradition scares away winter and welcomes spring. What other winter-to-spring celebrations do you know about around the world?
  4. 04Would you like to wear a kukeri costume and parade through the streets? What would be the best part and the hardest part?
Try this

Classroom activity

Design your own kukeri mask on paper. Give it a name and describe what material it is made from, what colours it uses, and what expression it has. Write one sentence explaining what your mask is supposed to do — what evil thing does it scare away, or what good thing does it bring?