Classroom lesson · Music · 🇨🇫 Central African Republic

BaAka Polyphonic Singing

UNESCO-listed forest music where voices weave together like vines

Photo · Wikimedia Commons

What is it?

The BaAka people of the southwestern rainforests of the Central African Republic are famous for a style of singing called polyphonic music - where many voices sing different parts at the same time, weaving together into something richer than any single voice alone. UNESCO has listed BaAka polyphonic singing as part of the world's Intangible Cultural Heritage, meaning it is considered a treasure of all humanity.

Tell me more

Polyphonic means 'many sounds'. In BaAka singing, each person sings their own melody line simultaneously - there might be four, five or even more different interlocking parts all happening at once. Instead of being chaotic, the result is a complex, shimmering sound that seems to come from the forest itself. Singers also use a technique called 'hocketing' where each person sings just a few notes and then pauses while another singer fills the gap - like a musical relay race.

BaAka music is not just for concerts or performances. Singing is woven into everyday life - there are songs for returning from a hunt, songs for healing, songs for celebrating a new baby, and songs for spending time with friends in the evening. Children learn to sing from the moment they are old enough to join in, and there is no sharp line between performers and audience - everyone participates.

One of the most magical BaAka musical traditions is water drumming (called hindewhu). Women and girls wade into a river or stream and drum on the surface of the water with their cupped hands and forearms, creating deep, resonant booming sounds. The water acts like a drum skin. Combined with singing, the effect is unlike anything else in the world.

BaAka music has influenced musicians around the world. In the 1980s and 1990s, recordings of BaAka forest music were shared internationally and inspired artists working across jazz, world music and electronic genres. The BaAka did not change their music to suit outside audiences - the world came to appreciate what was already there.

In the classroom

Walk your class through this in 15 minutes.

Talk together

Discussion prompts

  1. 01In BaAka music there is no separate audience - everyone joins in. How is that different from how you usually experience music?
  2. 02BaAka singing has songs for returning from work, for welcoming new babies, for healing. What occasions in your culture have special songs or music?
  3. 03Water drumming uses the river itself as a musical instrument. Can you think of other natural materials or surfaces people use to make music?
  4. 04BaAka music influenced artists worldwide without the BaAka changing their style. Why might it be important to protect music that does not change to become popular?
Try this

Classroom activity

Try a simple hocketing exercise with your class. Divide into three groups. Group 1 claps a rhythm: clap-clap-pause. Group 2 fills the pause: pause-pause-clap. Group 3 adds a different beat underneath: clap-pause-clap. Practise until the three patterns lock together. Now try adding humming or a sung syllable instead of clapping. You have just made a small piece of polyphonic music.