Classroom lesson · Wildlife · 🇨🇫 Central African Republic

Forest Elephant

Smaller and shyer than savanna elephants — the gentle gardeners of the rainforest

A forest elephant walking through dense green vegetation

Photo · Wikimedia Commons

What is it?

The forest elephant is a separate species from the large African savanna elephant most people picture when they think of elephants. Forest elephants are a little smaller, have rounder ears, and their tusks point downward rather than curving forward - a clever shape for moving through thick forest. They live deep inside the rainforests of Central and West Africa.

Tell me more

Forest elephants are sometimes called the 'gardeners of the forest'. This is because they eat huge amounts of fruit and then walk long distances before the seeds pass through their bodies and drop to the forest floor. Many big rainforest trees need an elephant to spread their seeds - without elephants, those trees would struggle to grow in new places. One elephant can spread seeds from dozens of different tree species every single day.

In the Central African Republic, the famous Dzanga Bai clearing is sometimes described as the 'village of elephants'. Dozens of forest elephants visit this mineral-rich clearing almost every day to drink the water and eat the salty clay. The clay gives them important minerals - a bit like taking a vitamin tablet. At peak times you might see 50 to 100 elephants all in the same open space.

Forest elephants communicate using very low sounds called infrasound - sounds so low that human ears cannot hear them. These rumbles travel through the ground as well as the air, letting elephants send messages to each other across the thick forest where they cannot always see far. Scientists discovered this by placing special microphones in the ground and picking up vibrations the researchers themselves could not feel.

Baby forest elephants are looked after by the whole herd, not just their mother. Older females called 'aunties' help to watch over the young ones, and the oldest female - the matriarch - leads the group to the best water sources and remembers where food was found in dry seasons long ago.

In the classroom

Walk your class through this in 15 minutes.

Talk together

Discussion prompts

  1. 01Forest elephants spread seeds through the whole forest. If there were no elephants, how might the forest change over time?
  2. 02Why do you think forest elephants need to eat salty clay? Can you think of other animals (or people!) who eat things for minerals?
  3. 03The eldest female elephant remembers where to find food and water. How does remembering old knowledge help a group survive?
  4. 04Forest elephants talk using sounds we cannot hear. Can you think of other animals that communicate in ways humans cannot detect without special equipment?
Try this

Classroom activity

Become a 'seed map' maker. Draw a simple rainforest path. Mark where an elephant eats some fruit (draw the fruit). Then trace the elephant's walking route across the page. At the end of the route, draw seeds falling from the elephant. Label all the places where new trees might grow. Count how many new trees one elephant journey could start.